The measure of intelligence is the ability to change

Earliest sources found on google books date to 2013 (for example, p. 123 of Learning PHP Design Patterns), earliest version found on twitter is this tweet from January 2009, with the variant "intelligence is the ability to change your mind" posted in this November 2008 tweet, and the variant "intelligence is the ability to adapt to change" attributed to Stephen Hawking in this October 2008 tweet and posted without attribution in this September 2008 tweet. There are also earlier published sources that define intelligence as "the ability to adapt to change" without attribution, like the 1991 book Uncommon Sense Leadership (p. 41); science fiction author Frank Herbert also used this phrase in his 1983 book Without Me You're Nothing: The Essential Guide to Home Computers, where he wrote on p. 209 "We define intelligence as the ability to adapt to change." The definition of "intelligence" as "the ability to adapt to change" predates this however—the earliest source found on google books is